Google This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project to make the world's books discoverable online. It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that's often difficult to discover. Marks, notations and other maiginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book's long journey from the publisher to a library and finally to you. Usage guidelines Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the public and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing tliis resource, we liave taken steps to prevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying. We also ask that you: + Make non-commercial use of the files We designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for personal, non-commercial purposes. + Refrain fivm automated querying Do not send automated queries of any sort to Google's system: If you are conducting research on machine translation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us. We encourage the use of public domain materials for these purposes and may be able to help. + Maintain attributionTht GoogXt "watermark" you see on each file is essential for in forming people about this project and helping them find additional materials through Google Book Search. Please do not remove it. + Keep it legal Whatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do not assume that just because we believe a book is in the public domain for users in the United States, that the work is also in the public domain for users in other countries. Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country, and we can't offer guidance on whether any specific use of any specific book is allowed. Please do not assume that a book's appearance in Google Book Search means it can be used in any manner anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liabili^ can be quite severe. About Google Book Search Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web at |http: //books .google .com/I ■.- ■ « ' • ,'" -- ■ ■ '" - r ^y' •' ,.. ' - ^ '- *"■,»'■ ,' * . ^ ■,7, ' " - " , ■ "'^ t -■ ^, ':- ^ •' ■"' -> ■*-» ^. - '.. y- : V ' '" -, 'V • ' . ' -■•^ r V" 1 '" - " * • ■■.-•-'•"'-■.:;.--,"•:,. • , '- ' .""■"■■• ■ " ' ■ ■ i:. "* " -> -^ -^ ' "'■ i- ■■'- ; ■,-■'■ " • •<>--—-. I:-: . - -.;■■ .J- - ■■ ' - ■- .;' .■ ,'- ,/ " -' i, .- • .' - •;>--■-,- ■.:'-• v-v '■- ■ --■ '• - -- . - -' '■. ■ ■ ■ - .'-"■•'•; '/'"•• \-. '' --- ~- -^ ^-"^ >-';;; - -••■ ."'.>'''■ '.^ ••''.:. »■'• '^^." ^T-" ■■C' ;'■■'■■ . ■ " ■ " . " ^.^ -^ ' /' ■-- .."^ ;'^' ■ r-^^V" -■^•'•_^' - £ *-•" --.X''- -^ ::-.,. ■■ .: ■*/,.- ^-^^-'r -.: ..'^ -*,■■■ ^- "•..- ^^': - -^"'-:j.-*^ ' 1r --vw-^v* ■ -' : -■- '. '' ■' - - \ ■ ':'^'~ ^- - '- ■^ '' ',.*■-••" '-V A ■■■■-- ;•,.■ ".,-.;■■■■ ■' .".■---; '•-"., '.- ; - '-■'.,:---'^ '. . ---"" . - • j. '- ;" ' " -v' : .._ "----' .-it . - - _-■-.--■- ^- -> > ■ V ' ■ '."'- ■• ■ '"- •' ' ; vs i .' ' ■" ""/ ■ ■■" ■ , -'^•- •■- ,- . ' ' - \- ' ' 'V ,.v'-i' "■^■•■-*' ' '■ '"• * - '->' :-. ' '' -," i;'-t ■ " V ' ''-''- '' -'T" " ' •"'' • - -■"■1. • ■■ '■'' - "^ " ■ ' " . w!^-'. -^^. -■'---: *., ~ ,. -,v -'-:.„- ■ -:^- /^^--^ \"/ '— ■■ .^ ■--^r';! ,\ -^ ^".:k':A-^ ■■■7: -:--:--■.;*"'.- ^- -.■ '■.,.-■-.'-, ' -^^ '■'*'; -.-.,-.--'■-- -•., • -:c^ ■•■"■-•. ^;-;'" : •>';;^> - -'" \:-:v-^ ^^^ >-.-.>-•- 1; ■;> r .'.^■^■--. ■ ' '. -v: '•-.":'-',- v^ ..^^■- --^^ "-" *'* ^ ' -- "■ -^ - ' ■ ' ^--'^^ --•--'' ' <*.,--.-.•: ' -.» -■• rt" i- p'^-^: ■^^^■^:^.:_ ■. . V" "'".» . .. "^ -^ '-.-■" --"- .-^'' :^'", '' ■ It ^''V-' ■-- ■• , -- :- ,.^ " -^ '^. ^ -■ - '■' -•■■- "^ i w>r-^,^ , . ._:■-_ ',- .'; -.-:, -•.■ --^ •:-.:. . -,--.^.. - . - - .- " -. <. . ■■ . ••- " . .' " 'vr'-e-^ -■ ■, ■ •.,. *.■,'-" . --- ' ■• ■ ■ - ■■ - ■ ,•■,.... ...... -i > • _.,.- . "'■ ' "' - Z -^ ."■-' " ^ . , : * .' - ,^ y " " ' - ' '. •- -"■■"■. ■"*'» 'I -4' '■' _,' ■ «-"'^- 'f .. ,' •■ -" 'C ■ , ".'V' -■•^,,~- ■'■■,;■■■/. -"- ../.."-■ ."i".:' .■ .-; :. ■■..■:•.■--..-■■•,■..■..-- .---.-• ■ -. '-. -"•■-' ^- -.^ -• ,_----■ '^■;-- ■ ■,!■.- .5. -«■.. • '^' ■-':--- .. '■-■'■' ~ '" ■ ■- r-- - '■ .-"''- '^^ ■/■,.---- <;, -■•■r- .--..;.;. •.-. -v.^- ^ - ... ■-,_ - .:-.,■: •."■* ■.-■... ;- v^-.----'- '"■•.■.■ ' -..--- " >-i^ ■«*- t v_ ~^j ■'.Ti.'' ,r v" *■_ ■• Vj f -■•^- .■-"->-.,. ;"'*s'"' -•'■» /■-'-,; f"'''^. .,---''- ..,^...' ■- ^" , '■"..■"•■". '- -/■■'.";«■."-". "'-,i ■■ > ■•_ ""^ "" .■-'■-'.. ""-•"- .--," .- ',." - „-: 'ii- ; '■.•- - - ^' '.'. / ;. ; -^, . ■■♦,.,"- ■^ ■ ._-.■' .' ,■ .*■ .-* ,K-- a;-^ v. 7"^ - ^7 .--*^. •.■■■' C- . > • ■ ' -....-.■•■. ,.-■■..,•-•-. .,, . . • • . . J ; . .> - ' -. - . J. ■.,-■'■ ■■ -»^ , ■ ■'•.^ ■■-:-•.;,..•■ ■. - . • X • V . ' S -«.. .!-• . i. .. .^ s-»y *V ■ 1 ' ■ '" ' V .'"- ' 1.1' (.■.,>-. -. "" f;" ■^.,' ';■--.'■. ;^ r- ' ■ ". ■■■■"-.. .■•♦.- 'i. " ''. " - \ -. tj- ■•'■-.-: '■*.'■ .' vr .J ■ , .' .-■■"■--"'■.•' -^ ■ -. ■ ':;■■"-.■';■■ :^--.-.-- - 7 :■./'".'- '^ ""^ - v. -' ' J. -1-. j>- V P V . , y. ".. ■ I. • . t / I H 11 "1 wish to express my enthusiastic appreciation of the extremely in- teresting piece of historical criticism that yott have written. It is cer- tainly most clear and convincing and seems to me to be the final word with regard to the document under examination." "Mr. Salley agrees with me that your conclusions are beyond criticism. Waldo G. Leland, Department of Historical Research j Carnegie Institution of Washington^ D. C. I^'tteiK of May and July 9, 1906. » "Here seeniH to be a sound chain of reasoning to establish the authen- ticity, authorship and date of the [Bagge] pamphlet. Once admitting that it was written in 1783, or thereabouts, it must be conceded that the friends of the Mecklenburg Declaration have recovered a striking piece of evidence in support of their case. • • • Historians can no longer afford to treat the problem with the superstition of incredulity. They have now to deal, not with nebulous theories nor with hypotheses sus- tained by little more than the enthusiasm of local pride and patriotism; b\it with concrete data which must be accepted or explained away." H. Addington Beuce. Sorth American Rcvicir, July, 1906, p. 60. \ The Mecklenburg DeclaraKon of Independence as Menhoned in Records of Wachovia. ••• » - • BY >^ MISS ADELAIDE L. FRIES. r i >^ Edwards & Brou(?hton Printing Company, Raleigh, N. C. ''} 1907. I % ••• » . 1 ^ ^ THE MECKLENBURG DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, AS MENTIONED IN RECORDS OF WACHOVIA.* In September, 1904, Mr. O. J. Lehman, of Bethania, N. Q., discovered among the papers in the Moravian Archives at that place an historical sketch bearing on its cover the title : "Bruchstiick, Aufsatz von den Vorkommenheiten wahfend dem RevoliJtions-Kriege welche einen Bezug auf die Wachau hatten bis Ende 1779." In this paper Mr. Lehman found a pointed reference to the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence, which he translated and sent to the Charlotte Observer. The paragraph and its i translation are as follows: "Ich kan zu Ende des lyy^sten i Jahres nicht.unangemerkt lassen, dass schon im Sommer sel- bigen Jahres, das ist im May, Juny, oder July, die County Meck- lenburg in Nord Carolina sich fiir so frey u. independent von England declarirte, u. solche Einrichtung zur Verwaltung der Gesetze unter sich machte, als jamalen der Continental Congress hemach ins Ganze gethan. Dieser Congress aber sahe dieses Verfahren als zu friihzeitig an." The words in italics are writ- ten in English script, the others in German. "I can not leave unmentioned at the end of the i77Sth year, that already in the summer of this year, that is in May, June or July, the County of Mecklenburg in North Carolina declared itself free and inde- pendent of England, and made such arrangements for the ad- ministration of the laws among themselves, as later the Conti- nental Congress made for all. This Congress, however, con-f sidered thesie proceedings premature." V' •Reprinted from The Wachovia Moravian of April, 1906. * * * The publishing of this paragraph in 1904, and the printing of the fac-simile in December, 1905, accompanied by an article from the pen of Mr. Alexander Graham, has brought forth a number of letters inquiring as to the date and authorship of the "Fragment," which unfortunately lacks both date and sig- nature. These questions may be condensed into five, which cover the whole ground : ( 1 ) The authenticity of the Moravian Church Diaries is be- yond question, but this paper, by its title, is not a part of the Diary, but only a "Fragment" : — can it be considered reliable ? (2) Taken alone the paiiagraph reads like a kind of post- script and was certainly written after 1775, since it refers to later proceedings of Congress : — is it a part of the original docu- ment? (3) Where was the paper written? (4) Who wrote it? (5) When was it written? A considerable amount of time, care, and research have been necessary before these questions could be satisfactorily an- swered, but the following statements may now be made : (j.) Can it be considered reliable f It was customary to keep the daily Church Diaries as concisely as possible, and any event which required more extended notice was written separately and filed with the Diaries. Memoirs, accounts of special Church services, historical sketches, etc., are classed together by Mora- vian Archivists under the technical name of "Beilage," the term employed by the earlier diarists, and this "Fragment" has its counterpart in a number of such papers written at different periods. Many of these "Beilage" are still between the pages of the Diaries, — others have been taken out from time to time for reference, and when so removed the ascertaining of date and authorship is difficult, as practically none are signed. This arouses no surprise in the mind of any one who has worked among the records, for it was not customary to sign anything, even the carefully kept minutes of the various Boards give the % • I Facsimile of Reference to Mecklenburg Declaration. name and signature of neither chairman nor secretary. Appa- rently, to their minds, the subject of which they wrote was all- important, their own connection with it entirely secondary, but their painstaking accuracy is so marked that the careful stu- dent gives them entire confidence even while regretting that their custom did not conform to modern usage. (2,) Is it a part of the original document f The "Fragment^' is neither a diary, nor a mechanical compilation from a diary. It is an historical sketch, well written, clear-cut, showing keen insight into the affairs of the State and Nation, as well as the most intimate acquaintance with events in Wachovia. While for convenience the author divides his account into years, he frequently runs forward to link some result to its cause. For example, in reciting some of the events early in 1775, he states that the sailors on the English merchant ships in Charleston harbor, being unable to secure permission to land their cargoes, simply threw them overboard, so that they could load with rice and sail for home. Salt was one of the articles so destroyed, and he comments on the great scarcity of this prime necessity later on, and the suffering that the saving of this salt might have averted. Paper money claims his attention in each year's his- tory, but in speaking of the first issue without royal authority, in 1775, he notes its utter loss of value late in the war; and again, in 1777, he mentions the statement by the Assembly of 1783 that the depreciation began in 'yy. The introduction of later developments into the Mecklenburg paragraph is, there- fore, quite in keeping with the rest of the paper; and its form is also paralleled by similar additions at the close of other years, where items which had been omitted in the current account were added at the close. This paragraph is plainly a part of the original document, and entitled to all the credence that may be given to any part thereof. (j.) Where was it written? Although found in Bethania, this paper was most certainly written by a man who lived in Salem during the Revolutionary War. Not only does the whole story 6 center about Salem, then already the principal town of Wacho- via, but events transpiring there are given with a certain inti- mate knowledge that can have no other explanation. The paper must have been taken to Bethania at some later date, per- haps in comparatively recent years. (4.) Who zvrote it? The handwriting of the "Fragment'* differs from that found in the Church Diaries of those years, and certain features in the paper itself suggested Traugott Bagge as its author. This was confirmed beyond a question by finding in the Land Office in Salem several Annual State- ments of the Store, written, dated and signed by Traugott Bagge. The script, though small, is unusually firm and dis- tinct, and it is possible to compare two specimens letter by letter. When this test is applied to the "Fragment," with these Annual Statements as the standard, the handwriting of the "Fragment" is found to be Bagge's throughout. Moreover, in the body of the "Fragment" there is given a list of the men who signed a certain paper explaining the position of the Moravians in regard to the war, and their neutrality, and in this list ap- pears the name of Traugott Bagge. Laid by the side of the signed Statements already alluded to, it becomes evident that this name is a genuine signature, and by the fortunate insertion of this list the signature of the author is contained in the body of the paper, although it does not appear at the end. This not only proves the author but guarantees the accuracy of statements in the "Fragment," for Bagge was the most able man of affairs in Wachovia during the War. At that time the Store was the center of trade for all the country round, and under Bagge's skillful management the necessaries of life were never entirely lacking for those who depended on his Store to supply them. His influence saved the town from financial ruin in the flood of paper currency which swept over the land ; and as he went to Charleston for supplies, to Hillsboro or Newbern to appear before the Assembly, or to Old Richmond to the County Courts, he was ever on the alert to watch the trend of L StatemenI of Morauian position during the Reuoluiionary War. events, and it was doubtless from the information he gained, and with the aid of his shrewd judgment that the ministers charged with control of affairs in Wachovia were able to lead their brethren safely through the very great perplexities and dangers that surrounded them. As merchant, financier, poli- tician, as a sturdy, conscientious man, Traugott Bagge ranks among the first in the history of the State, (5.) When was it written? The question of date presents the most difficulty, but by a process of elimination it has become possible to decide on the month and year in which it was writ- ten, and the occasion for it. A busy, active man like Traugott Bagge would not sit down and cover forty pages with close German script, running forty-two lines to the page, simply for amusement, and he did not live to an age when too abundant leisure would be an incentive thereto. The latest date in the "Fragment" is contained in the reference to the Assembly of 1783, already mentioned. This Assembly met in the Spring, so the paper could not have been written before April, 1783. In the Diary of 1783, the first pertinent entry is on April 19th, when the Congregation is rejoiced to hear of the signing of peace preliminaries on January 20th at Paris. On July 4th, in response to a proclamation by the Governor of North Carolina, Salem had a great Peace Jubilee. The program is given in full, (see Cleweirs History of Wachovia, p. 170), but no mention is made of historical papers. Under date of October 8th, the secretary of the Aeltesten Conferenz (the ruling board of Wa- chovia at that time) makes this entry: "The memoranda con- cerning the protection of God during the American War, which have been collected by Br. Peter, will be gone through at a special Conference meeting.'' On November 23d, the Congre- gation heard of the signing of the Peace Treaty on September 3d; and on December nth, in common with the Moravian Con- gregations in Pennsylvania, and by order of Congress, they celebrated a "Friedens Dankfest" by special prayer in the even- ing service. On December 30th, the Aeltesten Conferenz fixed 8 the program for New Year's Eve; '*The children shall have their closing meeting at three o'clock; the adult Congregation shall have a Lovefeast at eight in the evening, at ten o'clock the Memorabilia for this year and for the War shall be read, and the closing meeting shall follow at half past eleven." This is confirmed by the Diary for December 31st, which says of the ten-o'clock service that they "Remembered the many mercies which the Lord had showed them not only during the year, but throughout the eight years' War." It will be noted that Bagge's name does not appear, and the War Memorabilia, under title of "Lob und Dankopfer," read in the service and filed with the Diary, is in the handwriting of John Frederick Peter, then minister in Salem. But Peter did not come to Wachovia until 1780, would therefore have had no knowledge of events prior to that time, and it seems evident that when he began to collect the memoranda which he presented to the Aeltesten Conferenz early in October, he turned to Bagge, who at his request wrote the "Fragment" under discussion. This explains why Bagge ended his account with December, 1779, for from then on Peter knew all the circumstances as well as he, and the closing then is otherwise inexplicable, for he stops just short of the time when Wachovia came directly in contact with the opposing forces, and passed the most perilous and most exciting days of her history. The paper was far too long to read in a one-hour service, but the "Lob und Dankopfer" is strikingly like a re- sume of Bagge's sketch, and the supposition that it is such is strengthened by the fact that in the Archives of Bethlehem, Pa., there are two copies of the "Lob und Dankopfer," one of which, evidently the rough copy, is in Peter's handwriting, while addi- tional notes pasted on the margin, and slipped loose between the leaves, are in Bagge's handwriting. The other' incorporat- ing many of these notes, is entirely in Peter's handwriting. That Bagge, having helped Peter prepare his paper, should later, without any apparent reason, take the trouble to amplify the sketch to the limits of the "Fragment," seems most improb- 9 able, — that he should in September have compiled his sketch, and then later assisted Peter to make a proper resume of it, is quite natural, and fully in accord with the prevailing interest in the close of the war. Traugott Bagge died in April, 1800, but a close scrutiny of the Diary from January, 1784, on fails to give a single reason for the writing of such a paper. The Salem Congregation had a service every evening in the week, and steadily observed an- niversaries of various kinds, but Fourth of July and Third of September pass year after year, with record of the topic of the service, and no reference whatever to Declaration of Indepen- dence, or signing of Peace Treaty, or events of the war. Summing up the evidence, therefore, it may be definitely stated that the "Fragment" containing the Mecklenburg refer- ence belongs to the Salem "Beilage," and was written in Salem, by Traugott Bagge, about September, 1783. ADELAIDE L. FRIES. Winston-Salem^ North Carolina, April, 1906. • •• • * • • • » ♦ * «